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The findings suggest that subjective experience of aging is closely related to the process of brain aging and underscores the neurobiological mechanisms of SA as an important marker of late-life neurocognitive health.

The findings suggest that the duration of unipedal stance can serve as a reliable and gender-independent measure of neuromuscular aging for both elderly male and female subjects.

Considering TikTok’s young demographic, these findings are more than alarming; TikTok even fails to apply its own Terms of Service, which do not allow content “deliberately designed to provoke or antagonize people, or are intended to harass, harm, hurt, scare, distress, embarrass or upset people or include threats of physical violence”.

This review addresses some of the more popular foods and dietary patterns that are promoted for cardiovascular health to provide clinicians with accurate information for patient discussions in the clinical setting.

It is suggested that IF may have beneficial effects on a range of health outcomes for adults with overweight or obesity, compared to CER or non-intervention diet in adults with overweight or obesity, and in people with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

Depending on the sleeping arrangement, couple's sleep architecture and synchronization show alterations that are modified by relationship characteristics and these alterations could be part of a self-enhancing feedback loop of REM sleep and sociality and a mechanism through which sociality prevents mental illness.

The association between grandparents' educational attainment and their grandchildren's epigenetic-based age acceleration and whether the association was mediated by parental educational attainment and mothers' life course health-related factors was examined.

Children's relationship with nature is crucial for their health and future environmental attitudes. Exposure to natural environments provides numerous benefits for children, including improved immune function, cognitive development, and stress reduction. These early experiences in nature are essential for developing a strong commitment to environmental conservation later in life. Recent societal changes have made natural environments less accessible to children, leading to growing concerns abo

Time spent watching television during childhood and adolescence is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome in mid-adulthood, and interventions to reduce screen time for children and young people may have long-lasting benefits for health.

The 15 Minute Challenge effectively increased physical activity levels and improved self-reported health outcomes among participating employees, highlighting the potential of workplace wellness programs to combat sedentary behavior and promote a healthier, more active lifestyle.

It is found that access to generative AI ideas causes stories to be evaluated as more creative, better written, and more enjoyable, especially among less creative writers, which point to an increase in individual creativity at the risk of losing collective novelty.

The hypothesis that coffee intake may be a protective factor against Alzheimer’s disease is supported, with increased coffee consumption potentially reducing cognitive decline by slowing cerebral Aβ-amyloid accumulation, and thus attenuating the associated neurotoxicity from A β-AMyloid-mediated oxidative stress and inflammatory processes.

Past research on interspecies communication has shown that animals can be trained to use Augmentative Interspecies Communication (AIC) devices, such as soundboards, to make simple requests of their caretakers. The recent uptake in AIC devices by hundreds of pet owners around the world offers a novel opportunity to investigate whether AIC is possible with owner-trained family dogs. To answer this question, we carried out two studies to test pet dogs’ ability to recognise and respond appropriately to food-related, play-related, and outside-related words on their soundboards. One study was conducted by researchers, and the other by citizen scientists who followed the same procedure. Further, we investigated whether these behaviours depended on the identity of the person presenting the word (unfamiliar person or dog’s owner) and the mode of its presentation (spoken or produced by a pressed button). We find that dogs produced contextually appropriate behaviours for both play-related and outside-related words regardless of the identity of the person producing them and the mode in which they were produced. Therefore, pet dogs can be successfully taught by their owners to associate words recorded onto soundboard buttons to their outcomes in the real world, and they respond appropriately to these words even when they are presented in the absence of any other cues, such as the owner’s body language.

A predictive model of trolling behavior reveals that mood and discussion context together can explain trolling behavior better than an individual's history of trolling, and suggests that ordinary people can, under the right circumstances, behave like trolls.

Computer games have traditionally relied on carefully programmed game loops to create interactive virtual experiences. These loops process user inputs, update the game's state, and render visuals. While this approach has been adapted for various hardware platforms, the underlying software has always been manually programmed by developers. Recent breakthroughs in generative models, especially diffusion models, have revolutionized how we create images and videos from different types of inputs. Ho

Two experimental studies (Ns = 261, 684) investigated how diagnostic labels affect perceptions of people experiencing marginal levels of mental ill-health. These effects offer insight into the consequences of diagnostic “concept creep”, in which concepts of mental illness broaden to include less severe phenomena. The studies found consistent evidence that diagnostic labeling increases the perception that people experiencing marginal problems require professional treatment, and some evidence that it increases empathy towards them and support for affording them special allowances at work, school, and home. The studies also indicated that labels may reduce the control people are perceived to have over their problems and their likelihood of recovering from them. These findings point to the potential mixed blessings of broad diagnostic concepts and the cultural trends responsible for them. Expansive concepts may promote help-seeking, empathy, and support, but also undermine perceived agency and expectations that problems can be overcome.

Music is omnipresent in daily life and may interact with critical cognitive processes including memory. Despite music’s presence during diverse daily activities including studying, commuting, or working, existing literature has yielded mixed results as to whether music improves or impairs memory for information experienced in parallel. To elucidate how music memory and its predictive structure modulate the encoding of novel information, we developed a cross-modal sequence learning task during which participants acquired sequences of abstract shapes accompanied with paired music. Our goal was to investigate whether familiar and structurally regular music could provide a “temporal schema” (rooted in the organized and hierarchical structure of music) to enhance the acquisition of parallel temporally-ordered visual information. Results revealed a complex interplay between music familiarity and music structural regularity in learning paired visual sequences. Notably, compared to a control condition, listening to well-learned, regularly-structured music (music with high predictability) significantly facilitated visual sequence encoding, yielding quicker learning and retrieval speed. Conversely, learned but irregular music (where music memory violated musical syntax) significantly impaired sequence encoding. While those findings supported our mechanistic framework, intriguingly, unlearned irregular music–characterized by the lowest predictability–also demonstrated memory enhancement. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that concurrent music can modulate visual sequence learning, and the effect varies depending on the interaction between both music familiarity and regularity, offering insights into potential applications for enhancing human memory.

It is proposed that the ideal mouthwash, whilst combatting oral disease, should “balance” antimicrobial communities, especially those associated with health.

Investigation of the overall bacterial ecology of selected fitness centers in a metropolitan area utilizing culture-independent pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes found Staphylococcus was found to be the most prevalent genus and underscores the need to increase public awareness on the importance of personal hygiene and sanitation for public gym users.

Findings suggest that sleep-initiation insomnia and sleep-medication usage may elevate dementia risk, and sleep disturbances should be considered when assessing the risk profile for dementia.

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have sparked optimism about their potential to accelerate scientific discovery, with a growing number of works proposing research agents that autonomously generate and validate new ideas. Despite this, no evaluations have shown that LLM systems can take the very first step of producing novel, expert-level ideas, let alone perform the entire research process. We address this by establishing an experimental design that evaluates research idea generation while controlling for confounders and performs the first head-to-head comparison between expert NLP researchers and an LLM ideation agent. By recruiting over 100 NLP researchers to write novel ideas and blind reviews of both LLM and human ideas, we obtain the first statistically significant conclusion on current LLM capabilities for research ideation: we find LLM-generated ideas are judged as more novel (p<0.05) than human expert ideas while being judged slightly weaker on feasibility. Studying our agent baselines closely, we identify open problems in building and evaluating research agents, including failures of LLM self-evaluation and their lack of diversity in generation. Finally, we acknowledge that human judgements of novelty can be difficult, even by experts, and propose an end-to-end study design which recruits researchers to execute these ideas into full projects, enabling us to study whether these novelty and feasibility judgements result in meaningful differences in research outcome. 1

A strong propensity to overtrust unreliable AI in life-or-death decisions made under uncertainty is indicated, using a novel visual challenge paradigm simulating threat-identification under uncertainty.

Background Quantifying the potential benefits of advanced footwear technology (AFT) track shoes (i.e., “spikes”) in middle-distance events is challenging, because repeated maximal effort trials (as in sprinting) or aerobic running economy trials (as in long-distance running) are not feasible. Methods We introduce a novel approach to assess the benefits of AFT spikes, consisting of a series of 200 m runs at self-perceived middle-distance race pace with 10 min recovery and conducted four experiments to evaluate its validity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and utility. Results In experiment 1, participants ran 1.2% slower in spikes with 200 g added mass vs. control spikes, exactly equal to the known effects of shoe mass on running performance. In experiment 2, participants ran significantly faster in AFT prototype spikes vs. traditional spikes. In experiment 3, we compared two other AFT prototype spikes against traditional spikes, on three separate days. Group-level results were consistent across days, but our data indicates that at least two separate sessions are needed to evaluate individual responses. In experiment 4, participants ran significantly faster in two AFT spike models vs. traditional spikes (2.1% and 1.6%). Speed was similar between a third AFT spike model and the traditional spikes. These speed results were mirrored by changes in step length, as participants took significantly longer steps in the two faster AFT spike models (2.3% and 1.9%), while step length was similar between the other spikes. Conclusion Our novel, interval-based approach is a valid and reliable method to quantify differences between spikes at middle-distance running intensity.

To enhance the integration of apps into nutrition care, collaborating with dietitians is essential for improving their credibility and comparative validity by expanding food databases and training AI models are needed to improve AI-enabled food recognition.

The Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) has developed planetary health learning objectives (PHLOs). These objectives support teaching and learning about planetary health. They complement existing global health learning objectives. CUGH created these objectives to meet member requests for educational resources on planetary health. The PHLOs cover eight crucial areas of planetary health: 1. Earth system changes 2. Ecological systems 3. Human health outcomes 4. Risk assessment 5.

Does repeated exposure to climate-skeptic claims influence their acceptance as true, even among climate science endorsers? Research with general knowledge claims shows that repeated exposure to a claim increases its perceived truth when it is encountered again. However, motivated cognition research suggests that people primarily endorse what they already believe. Across two experiments, climate science endorsers were more likely to believe claims that were consistent with their prior beliefs, but repeated exposure increased perceptions of truth for climate-science and climate-skeptic claims to a similar extent. Even counter-attitudinal claims benefit from previous exposure, highlighting the insidious effect of repetition.

Time spent watching television during childhood and adolescence is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome in mid-adulthood, and interventions to reduce screen time for children and young people may have long-lasting benefits for health.

Feelings of love are among the most significant human phenomena. Love informs the formation and maintenance of pair bonds, parent-offspring attachments, and influences relationships with others and even nature. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms of love beyond romantic and maternal types. Here, we characterize the brain areas involved in love for six different objects: romantic partner, one's children, friends, strangers, pets, and nature. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity, while we induced feelings of love using short stories. Our results show that neural activity during a feeling of love depends on its object. Interpersonal love recruited social cognition brain areas in the temporoparietal junction and midline structures significantly more than love for pets or nature. In pet owners, love for pets activated these same regions significantly more than in participants without pets. Love in closer affiliative bonds was associated with significantly stronger and more widespread activation in the brain's reward system than love for strangers, pets, or nature. We suggest that the experience of love is shaped by both biological and cultural factors, originating from fundamental neurobiological mechanisms of attachment.

Climate change is a pressing global issue that requires effective communication to promote public understanding and action. A recent study conducted across 27 countries examined how different types of messages about scientific consensus on climate change affect people's beliefs and attitudes. The research focused on two main types of messages: a classic consensus message and an updated consensus message. The classic consensus message emphasized the scientific agreement that climate change is re

The association between grandparents' educational attainment and their grandchildren's epigenetic-based age acceleration and whether the association was mediated by parental educational attainment and mothers' life course health-related factors was examined.

Children's relationship with nature is crucial for their health and future environmental attitudes. Exposure to natural environments provides numerous benefits for children, including improved immune function, cognitive development, and stress reduction. These early experiences in nature are essential for developing a strong commitment to environmental conservation later in life. Recent societal changes have made natural environments less accessible to children, leading to growing concerns abo

Wisdom is the hallmark of social judgment, but how people across cultures recognize wisdom remains unclear—distinct philosophical traditions suggest different views of wisdom’s cardinal features. We explore perception of wise minds across 16 socio-economically and culturally diverse convenience samples from 12 countries. Participants assessed wisdom exemplars, non-exemplars, and themselves on 19 socio-cognitive characteristics, subsequently rating targets’ wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. Analyses reveal two positively related dimensions—Reflective Orientation and Socio-Emotional Awareness. These dimensions are consistent across the studied cultural regions and interact when informing wisdom ratings: wisest targets—as perceived by participants—score high on both dimensions, whereas the least wise are not reflective but moderately socio-emotional. Additionally, individuals view themselves as less reflective but more socio-emotionally aware than most wisdom exemplars. Our findings expand folk psychology and social judgment research beyond the Global North, showing how individuals perceive desirable cognitive and socio-emotional qualities, and contribute to an understanding of mind perception.

Academic freedom is a critical norm of science. Despite the widely postulated importance of academic freedom, the literature attests to a dearth of research on the topic. Specifically, we know little about how academic freedom relates to indicators of societal progress, such as innovation. We address this research gap by empirically assessing the impact of academic freedom on the quantity (patent applications) and quality (patent citations) of innovation output using a comprehensive sample of 157 countries over the 1900–2015 period. We find that improving academic freedom by one standard deviation increases patent applications by 41% and forward citations by 29%. The results are robust across a range of different specifications. Our findings constitute an alarming plea to policymakers: global academic freedom has declined over the past decade for the first time in the last century and our estimates suggest that this decline poses a substantial threat to the innovation output of countries in terms of both quantity and quality.

The 15 Minute Challenge effectively increased physical activity levels and improved self-reported health outcomes among participating employees, highlighting the potential of workplace wellness programs to combat sedentary behavior and promote a healthier, more active lifestyle.

OBJECTIVES Social contact may alleviate loneliness, but little is known about within-person daily fluctuations in loneliness and social encounters. Older adults who feel lonely may engage in different modes of social contact (in-person, phone, digital). This study asked how different forms of contact are associated with loneliness throughout the day. METHODS Participants were 313 community-dwelling older adults (aged 65-90). They completed ecological momentary assessments reporting on their social encounters (e.g., type of social partner, mode of contact) and their loneliness every 3 hr for 5-6 days. We differentiated close social ties from ties not identified as close (i.e., weak ties). RESULTS We examined within-person effects using multilevel models. Findings revealed that momentary loneliness predicted a greater likelihood of phone contact in the next 3 hr. However, only in-person contact was associated with lower levels of loneliness. Regarding close and weak ties, momentary loneliness was associated with more in-person and phone contact with close ties, yet fewer in-person contacts with weak ties. In-person contact with both close and weak ties predicted lower levels of loneliness. DISCUSSION Although older adults engage in both in-person and phone contact when they feel lonely, it appears that only in-person contact may reduce loneliness. Digital contact was not widely adopted as a response to momentary loneliness among these older adults. Findings underscore older adults' willingness to maintain regular contact with close ties. Interventions addressing older adults who are lonely may consider innovative approaches to increase in-person contact.

It is found that amylase genes have higher copy numbers in agricultural populations than in fishing, hunting and pastoral populations and that duplication-containing haplotypes have rapidly increased in frequency over the past 12,000 years in West Eurasians, suggestive of positive selection.

Historical and ethnographic sources depict use of portable braced shaft weapons, or pikes, in megafauna hunting and defense during Late Holocene millennia in North and South America, Africa, Eurasia and Southeast Asia. Given the predominance of megafauna in Late Pleistocene North America during the centuries when Clovis points appeared and spread across much of the continent (13,050–12,650 cal BP), braced weapons may have been used in hunting of megaherbivores and defense against megacarnivores. Drawing from historical examples of pike use against lions, jaguars, boars, grizzlies, carabao and warhorses we consider the possibility of a fluted lithic pike. Associated osseous rods have been problematic as Clovis foreshafts due to the bevel angle and the apparent weakness of the splint haft when great strength is needed for deep penetration in megafauna hunting. However our review of Late Holocene pike use in megafauna encounters indicates the sharp tip becomes less important after hide or armor has been pierced because compression is sustained. Thus, foreshaft collapse after hide entry may not limit but rather increase the efficacy of the braced weapon. We conduct preliminary static experiments to model a fluted pike that adjusts during compression such that haft collapse and point detachment (when point jams on impact with bone) preserve the fluted biface, beveled rod and wooden mainshaft tip. In addition to Clovis point attributes and association with osseous rods, potential archaeological correlates of Clovis pike use include the high frequency of Clovis point isolates and concentrations of complete points with unbutchered mammoth remains at sites such as Naco in Arizona.

Although socioeconomic disadvantage is linked with academic underachievement, many children from low-income backgrounds perform well in school. Which modifiable factors predict this academic resilience? We examine between- and within-person predictors of one important academic metric - mathematics performance - across adolescence in 1715 (796 male, 919 female) youth living in poverty in Ireland, using data from three waves (9, 13, and 17/18 years) of the Growing Up in Ireland study. Using linear mixed models, math performance was worse when adolescents had more socioemotional and behavioural difficulties, more child-parent relationship conflict, parents had lower expectations of the adolescent's educational achievement, and when primary caregivers had less education. Adolescents who had better intellectual self-concept and attended a non-disadvantaged school had greater math performance. This research adds to the growing body of work suggesting academic resilience is dynamic and multisystemic; it provides potential targets at multiple levels to promote such resilience.

Researchers have made significant discoveries about the genetic history of indigenous populations in southern Africa. They analyzed genetic material from nine individuals found at Oakhurst Rockshelter in South Africa. These individuals lived at different times throughout the Holocene period, which spans the last 10,000 years. The study reveals a remarkable pattern of genetic continuity in southernmost Africa. This continuity lasted from the early Holocene until the end of the Later Stone Age. T

The study revealed certain topic groups including psychological and social elements, knowledge and occupational relevance, and pragmatic uses in learning environments including psychological and social elements, knowledge and occupational relevance, and pragmatic uses in learning environments.

Meeting the Paris Agreement’s climate targets necessitates better knowledge about which climate policies work in reducing emissions at the necessary scale. We provide a global, systematic ex post evaluation to identify policy combinations that have led to large emission reductions out of 1500 climate policies implemented between 1998 and 2022 across 41 countries from six continents. Our approach integrates a comprehensive climate policy database with a machine learning–based extension of the common difference-in-differences approach. We identified 63 successful policy interventions with total emission reductions between 0.6 billion and 1.8 billion metric tonnes CO2. Our insights on effective but rarely studied policy combinations highlight the important role of price-based instruments in well-designed policy mixes and the policy efforts necessary for closing the emissions gap. Editor’s summary It is easy for countries to say they will reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases, but these statements do not mean that the policies they adopt will be effective. Stechemesser et al. evaluated 1500 climate policies that have been implemented over the past 25 years and identified the 63 most successful ones. Some of those successes involved rarely studied policies and unappreciated combinations. This work illustrates the kinds of policy efforts that are needed to close the emissions gaps in various economic sectors. —Jesse Smith

With surface temperatures already reaching unprecedented highs, resulting in significant adverse consequences for societies and ecosystems, there is an increasing call to expand research into climate interventions, including Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention (SAI). However, research and dissemination are currently fragmented and would benefit from a comprehensive international assessment of the current state of knowledge regarding impacts, risks, and recommendations for future SAI research directions. The goals of a scientific assessment would be to describe the current state of SAI research and evaluate proposed scenario-strategy combinations through well-designed evaluation guidelines. The suggested iterative approach would integrate natural and social science considerations to guide future research toward more plausible scenarios and strategy development to reduce uncertainties and minimize the risks of SAI. Here, we outline multidisciplinary research criteria to guide the assessment process and provide an overview of the benefits and risks of proposed SAI applications. We group these criteria into three categories: 1) technical and design requirements, 2) response and impacts, and 3) societal considerations. Including all three categories in a comprehensive assessment of potential SAI applications outlined here promotes enhanced interdisciplinary and international collaborations, intentionally engaging the underrepresented Global South. The assessment structure further promotes the need for recurring reports every few years with globally representative participation and could also be applicable to other Solar Radiation Modification methods or combined approaches. Such assessments are necessary to align research with considerations for decision-makers and the public on the feasibility of SAI in reducing the impacts of climate change and its potential societal and ecological trade-offs.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses global climate change. Its Sixth Assessment Report projects subsurface carbon storage rates of 1-30 billion tonnes of CO2 per year by 2050. These projections have limitations. They don't fully account for geological, geographical, and techno-economic obstacles. These factors could impact our ability to achieve high storage rates. Geological limitations involve underground formation properties. Not all rocks suit CO2 storage. Some ma

Der Klimawandel ist eine globale Herausforderung, die uns alle betrifft. Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels sind regional sehr unterschiedlich, sodass eine Anpassung an diese Veränderungen auf verschiedenen Ebenen erforderlich ist. Dabei sind nicht nur staatliche Akteure gefordert, sondern auch viele andere gesellschaftliche Gruppen müssen eingebunden werden. Der Klimawandel führt zu Veränderungen wie steigenden Temperaturen, häufigeren Extremwetterereignissen und Verschiebungen von Niederschlag

It is concluded that ArSK/CCK1 acts as an autotomy-promoting factor in starfish and as such it is the first neuropeptide to be identified as a regulator of autotomy in animals.

Group-living animals sleep together, yet most research treats sleep as an individual process. Here, we argue that social interactions during the sleep period contribute in important, but largely overlooked, ways to animal groups’ social dynamics, while patterns of social interaction and the structure of social connections within animal groups play important, but poorly understood, roles in shaping sleep behavior. Leveraging field-appropriate methods, such as direct and video-based observation, and increasingly common on-animal motion sensors (e.g., accelerometers), behavioral indicators can be tracked to measure sleep in multiple individuals in a group of animals simultaneously. Sleep proximity networks and sleep timing networks can then be used to investigate the collective dynamics of sleep in wild group-living animals.

Large meteorite impacts must have strongly affected the habitability of the early Earth. Rocks of the Archean Eon record at least 16 major impact events, involving bolides larger than 10 km in diameter. These impacts probably had severe, albeit temporary, consequences for surface environments. However, their effect on early life is not well understood. Here, we analyze the sedimentology, petrography, and carbon isotope geochemistry of sedimentary rocks across the S2 impact event (37 to 58 km carbonaceous chondrite) forming part of the 3.26 Ga Fig Tree Group, South Africa, to evaluate its environmental effects and biological consequences. The impact initiated 1) a giant tsunami that mixed Fe2+-rich deep waters into the Fe2+-poor shallow waters and washed debris into coastal areas, 2) heating that caused partial evaporation of surface ocean waters and likely a short-term increase in weathering and erosion on land, and 3) injection of P from vaporization of the S2 bolide. Strata immediately above the S2 impact event contain abundant siderites, which are associated with organic matter and exhibit light and variable δ13Ccarb values. This is consistent with microbial iron cycling in the wake of the impact event. Thus, the S2 impact likely had regional, if not global, positive and negative effects on life. The tsunami, atmospheric heating, and darkness would likely have decimated phototrophic microbes in the shallow water column. However, the biosphere likely recovered rapidly, and, in the medium term, the increase in nutrients and iron likely facilitated microbial blooms, especially of iron-cycling microbes.

It is concluded that ethanol is ecologically relevant and that it has shaped the evolution of many species and structured symbiotic relationships among organisms, including plants, yeast, bacteria, insects, and mammals.

The only way to tackle air pollution is through public awareness coupled with a multidisciplinary approach by scientific experts; national and international organizations must address the emergence of this threat and propose sustainable solutions.

Ants are fascinating creatures that live in highly organized societies. A recent study has uncovered an incredible discovery about how ants in the Camponotus floridanus species use a unique strategy to combat infections in their injured nestmates - they amputate the injured leg. This is the first known example of a non-human animal purposefully removing the injured limbs of its own kind to improve their chances of survival. The researchers who conducted this study wanted to understand how ants

A multi-omics approach to characterize oncom, a fermented food traditionally produced from soymilk by-products in Java, Indonesia, found that N. intermedia grew on diverse by-products such as fruit and vegetable pomace and plant-based milk waste, did not encode mycotoxins, and could create foods that were positively perceived by consumers outside Indonesia.

Does repeated exposure to climate-skeptic claims influence their acceptance as true, even among climate science endorsers? Research with general knowledge claims shows that repeated exposure to a claim increases its perceived truth when it is encountered again. However, motivated cognition research suggests that people primarily endorse what they already believe. Across two experiments, climate science endorsers were more likely to believe claims that were consistent with their prior beliefs, but repeated exposure increased perceptions of truth for climate-science and climate-skeptic claims to a similar extent. Even counter-attitudinal claims benefit from previous exposure, highlighting the insidious effect of repetition.

This work presents threatened evolutionary history mapped for all tetrapod groups and describes patterns of Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species and identifies 25 priority tetrapod EDGE Zones, which are insufficiently protected and disproportionately exposed to high human pressure.

In response to increasing urbanization and the need for infrastructure resilient to natural hazards, this study introduces an AI-driven predictive model designed to assess the risk of soil liquefaction. Utilizing advanced ensemble machine learning techniques, the model integrates geotechnical and geographical data to accurately predict the potential for soil liquefaction in urban areas, with a specific focus on Yokohama, Japan. This methodology leverages comprehensive datasets from geological surveys and seismic activity to enhance urban planning and infrastructure development in smart cities. The primary outputs include detailed soil liquefaction risk maps that are essential for effective urban risk management. These maps support urban planners and engineers in making informed decisions, prioritizing safety, and promoting sustainability. The model employs a robust combination of artificial neural networks and gradient boosting decision trees to analyze and predict data points, assessing soil susceptibility to liquefaction during seismic events. Notably, the model achieves high accuracy in predicting soil classifications and N-values, which are critical for evaluating soil liquefaction risk. Validation against an extensive dataset from geotechnical surveys confirms the model’s practical effectiveness. Moreover, the results highlight the transformative potential of AI in enhancing geotechnical risk assessments and improving the resilience of urban areas against natural hazards.

The response of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) to climate change is the largest uncertainty in projecting future sea level. The impact of three-dimensional (3D) Earth structure on the AIS and future global sea levels is assessed here by coupling a global glacial isostatic adjustment model incorporating 3D Earth structure to a dynamic ice-sheet model. We show that including 3D viscous effects produces rapid uplift in marine sectors and reduces projected ice loss for low greenhouse gas emission scenarios, lowering Antarctica’s contribution to global sea level in the coming centuries by up to ~40%. Under high-emission scenarios, ice retreat outpaces uplift, and sea-level rise is amplified by water expulsion from Antarctic marine areas.

A novel approach for a simple all-optical sampling is to utilise the frequency-time coherence of each signal, based on only using two coupled modulators driven with an electrical sine wave.

Findings indicate that the public perceive sexual activity with orgasm precedes improved sleep outcomes, and promoting safe sexual activity before bed may offer a novel behavioral strategy for promoting sleep.

Pru-C12 inhibited alveolar bone resorption in a mouse experimental periodontitis model by P. gingivalis infection and may be helpful in the development of oral hygiene products for the prevention and control of periodontal disease and related disorders.

Findings suggest that sleep-initiation insomnia and sleep-medication usage may elevate dementia risk, and sleep disturbances should be considered when assessing the risk profile for dementia.

Women with PND are at higher risk of CVD in middle adulthood, and Reproductive history, including PND, should be considered in CVD risk assessments of women.

Cancer rates in the United States have changed significantly over time. A recent study examined cancer data from 2000 to 2019, revealing important trends in cancer occurrence and deaths across different age groups. The researchers analyzed 23,654,000 cancer diagnoses covering 34 types of cancer. They also looked at 7,348,137 deaths from 25 cancer types. This extensive data showed how cancer rates have changed for people born in different decades. People born in 1990 had much higher rates of ce

Higher egg consumption was positively associated with the risk of diabetes in Chinese adults, and three trajectory groups of egg consumption were identified.

Objective T o examine the associations between egg consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischaemic heart disease (IHD), major coronary events (MCE), haemorrhagic stroke as well as ischaemic stroke. Methods During 2004–2008, over 0.5 million adults aged 30–79 years were recruited from 10 diverse survey sites in China. Participants were asked about the frequency of egg consumption and were followed up via linkages to multiple registries and active investigation. Among 461 213 participants free of prior cancer, CVD and diabetes, a total of 83 977 CVD incident cases and 9985 CVD deaths were documented, as well as 5103 MCE. Stratified Cox regression was performed to yield adjusted hazard ratios for CVD endpoints associated with egg consumption. Results A t baseline, 13.1% of participants reported daily consumption (usual amount 0.76 egg/day) and 9.1% reported never or very rare consumption (usual amount 0.29 egg/day). Compared with non-consumers, daily egg consumption was associated with lower risk of CVD (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.92). Corresponding multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CI ) for IHD, MCE, haemorrhagic stroke and ischaemic stroke were 0.88 (0.84 to 0.93), 0.86 (0.76 to 0.97), 0.74 (0.67 to 0.82) and 0.90 (0.85 to 0.95), respectively. There were significant dose-response relationships of egg consumption with morbidity of all CVD endpoints (P for linear trend <0.05). Daily consumers also had an 18% lower risk of CVD death and a 28% lower risk of haemorrhagic stroke death compared to non-consumers. Conclusion A mong Chinese adults, a moderate level of egg consumption (up to <1 egg/day) was significantly associated with lower risk of CVD, largely independent of other risk factors.

By collecting and analyzing thermal facial images, Yu et al. find that human facial temperature distribution contains information on aging and metabolic states and has potential for rapid screening of aging and metabolic disorders and for revealing intervention strategies.

This review addresses some of the more popular foods and dietary patterns that are promoted for cardiovascular health to provide clinicians with accurate information for patient discussions in the clinical setting.

Perivascular macrophages (PVMs) and, to a lesser degree, microglia are targets and reservoirs of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in the brain. Previously, we demonstrated that colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) in PVMs was upregulated and activated in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques with encephalitis, correlating with SIV infection of PVMs. Herein, we investigated the role of CSF1R in the brain during acute SIV infection using BLZ945, a brain-penetrant CSF1R kinase inhibitor. Apart from three uninfected historic controls, nine Indian rhesus macaques were infected acutely with SIVmac251 and divided into three groups (n = 3 each): an untreated control and two groups treated for 20-30 days with low- (10 mg/kg/day) or high- (30 mg/kg/day) dose BLZ945. With the high-dose BLZ945 treatment, there was a significant reduction in cells expressing CD163 and CD206 across all four brain areas examined, compared with the low-dose treatment and control groups. In 9 of 11 tested regions, tissue viral DNA (vDNA) loads were reduced by 95%-99% following at least one of the two doses, and even to undetectable levels in some instances. Decreased numbers of CD163+ and CD206+ cells correlated significantly with lower levels of vDNA in all four corresponding brain areas. In contrast, BLZ945 treatment did not significantly affect the number of microglia. Our results indicate that doses as low as 10 mg/kg/day of BLZ945 are sufficient to reduce the tissue vDNA loads in the brain with no apparent adverse effect. This study provides evidence that infected PVMs are highly sensitive to CSF1R inhibition, opening new possibilities to achieve viral clearance.

Common snacking patterns among US adults with diabetes are elucidates and the need for clinicians and policymakers to take snacking into consideration when evaluating and providing dietary recommendations is highlighted.

In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards plant-based and animal-free food options, driven by increasing awareness of the negative environmental and animal welfare impacts of traditional animal-based products. This has led to a rise in the number of vegetarians and vegans, particularly in Germany. Alternative dairy products, such as those produced through a process called precision fermentation (PF), are gaining popularity as they are perceived to be more sustainable and ethical c

People think that patients who share incorrect beliefs will be viewed negatively, and Physicians need to be educated on patients' concerns so they can help patients disclose what may be most important for education.

Researchers have long been interested in understanding the factors that influence the pace of biological aging, as this can provide valuable insights into health and disease risk. This study, conducted by a team of scientists, investigated how both neighborhood-level and individual-level social determinants of health (SDOH) are associated with a measure of biological aging called the DunedinPACE epigenetic clock. The study focused on a diverse population of Japanese American, Native Hawaiian, an

Depression is a major global health challenge, affecting around 4.4% of the world's population and being a leading cause of disability. Researchers have been exploring non-pharmacological approaches to address this issue, and one promising avenue is the use of music listening. Music has the ability to modulate neural activity in brain regions involved in emotion and reward processing, such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These brain structures

Background Quantifying the potential benefits of advanced footwear technology (AFT) track shoes (i.e., “spikes”) in middle-distance events is challenging, because repeated maximal effort trials (as in sprinting) or aerobic running economy trials (as in long-distance running) are not feasible. Methods We introduce a novel approach to assess the benefits of AFT spikes, consisting of a series of 200 m runs at self-perceived middle-distance race pace with 10 min recovery and conducted four experiments to evaluate its validity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and utility. Results In experiment 1, participants ran 1.2% slower in spikes with 200 g added mass vs. control spikes, exactly equal to the known effects of shoe mass on running performance. In experiment 2, participants ran significantly faster in AFT prototype spikes vs. traditional spikes. In experiment 3, we compared two other AFT prototype spikes against traditional spikes, on three separate days. Group-level results were consistent across days, but our data indicates that at least two separate sessions are needed to evaluate individual responses. In experiment 4, participants ran significantly faster in two AFT spike models vs. traditional spikes (2.1% and 1.6%). Speed was similar between a third AFT spike model and the traditional spikes. These speed results were mirrored by changes in step length, as participants took significantly longer steps in the two faster AFT spike models (2.3% and 1.9%), while step length was similar between the other spikes. Conclusion Our novel, interval-based approach is a valid and reliable method to quantify differences between spikes at middle-distance running intensity.

To enhance the integration of apps into nutrition care, collaborating with dietitians is essential for improving their credibility and comparative validity by expanding food databases and training AI models are needed to improve AI-enabled food recognition.

This policy brief by Erik Brattberg, Associate Partner at the Albright Stonebridge Group in Washington, D.C., assesses the achievements and shortcomings of the U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) to date, charts its possible future evolution, and offers recommendations to enhance transatlantic cooperation on trade and technology issues over the next four years.

Misinformation has sown distrust in the legitimacy of American elections. Nowhere has this been more concerning than in the 2020 U.S. presidential election wherein Donald Trump falsely declared that it was stolen through fraud. Although social media platforms attempted to dispute Trump’s false claims by attaching soft moderation tags to his posts, little is known about the effectiveness of this strategy. We experimentally tested the use of “disputed” tags on Trump’s Twitter posts as a means of curbing election misinformation. Trump voters with high political knowledge judged election misinformation as more truthful when Trump’s claims included Twitter’s disputed tags compared to a control condition. Although Biden voters were largely unaffected by these soft moderation tags, third-party and non-voters were slightly less likely to judge election misinformation as true. Finally, little to no evidence was found for meaningful changes in beliefs about election fraud or fairness. These findings raise questions about the effectiveness of soft moderation tags in disputing highly prevalent or widely spread misinformation.

Significance We provide the largest-scale evidence available to date on the effect of Facebook and Instagram access on political knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in a presidential election season. This study is part of the U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study, a unique collaboration between academics and researchers at Meta that allowed unprecedented access to Meta platform data and algorithms while also including extensive safeguards to guarantee the integrity of the research.

Social and computer science research regarding belief in fake news and the mechanisms by which it spreads is discussed, focusing on unanswered scientific questions raised by the proliferation of its most recent, politically oriented incarnation.

In 2015, the European Union (EU) faced a significant challenge - a large influx of migrants and refugees crossing into Europe. This event, often referred to as the "refugee crisis," dominated headlines and sparked intense political debates within the EU. Rather than directly addressing the political tensions and controversies surrounding this issue, the European Commission sought to reframe the problem in a different way. The Commission created the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF) as a

In 2019, the European Commission announced an ambitious plan called the European Green Deal by 2050. It aims to reduce carbon emissions and promote environmentally-friendly practices across various sectors. (EGD). This plan represents a major effort by the European Union (EU) to transition towards a climate-neutral economy. The key goals of the EGD are to reduce carbon emissions by at least 50% by 2030 and achieve complete carbon neutrality by 2050. The EGD is seen as an opportunity to reshape

Since the end of the Cold War, the sanctions against Russia have been the harshest and most costly imposed on a major economy. They appear to be unprecedented in terms of speed, breadth, and global coordination. The latest situation heightens the sense of danger that comes with cross-border financial and operational vulnerability. Even if future oil and gas embargoes are imposed, the economy of Russia will rest on its current export strategy, which may be tough to weaken. The important factors to take into account at the onset of the war are the opportunity cost of military investment, the humanitarian loss of the financial system, and the burden of repairing post-war damage. In this paper we review the economic impact of war, and discuss the potential implications of the Russia Ukraine war on the local and global economies. Overall, there are human costs of war along with the economic influences like building, devastation, inflation, limitation of services debt increase, and daily economic life.

The European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) have a long history of working together on security matters, despite the UK's departure from the EU. Even without a formal agreement, the two entities have coordinated their efforts to address major geopolitical challenges, particularly Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The EU and UK have collaborated through various international forums, such as the G7, NATO, and bilateral partnerships, to provide military, financial, and humanitarian assistance

Looking at political participation behavior of young adults in contemporary Europe, this paper provides the reader with a map of different terminologies and logics that are used to discuss youth political participation. The existing literature is examined through the lens of five guiding questions: what defines youth political participation? How does youth political participation differ from adult political participation? How do young adults develop political attitudes? How does youth political participation differ across Europe? What methods are being used to analyze youth political participation? For those researching youth political participation for the first time, this paper offers a useful overview of the topic. At the same time, it gives researchers who are already well-informed the opportunity to reflect on the current state of research in this field. Finally, this paper indicates where future research is needed.

Climate change and global warming have become pressing issues in recent decades. One significant consequence is the increased frequency of extreme weather events, with droughts being a particularly concerning threat to our environment and society. While it's clear that extreme events are becoming more common, the specific changes in drought frequency remain less understood. Researchers have been unsure about which aspects of droughts, such as duration or magnitude, are becoming more prevalent.

Flash droughts (FDs) have attracted increasing attention in the past decade. They are characterised by a rapid depletion of soil moisture resulting from interactions between the soil and atmospheric conditions. To date, there is a lack of consistent FD definitions and an understanding of their socio-economic impacts. Here, we explore the relationship between biophysical FD conditions and the perceived impacts of FDs in Germany between 2000 and 2022. We measured perceived impacts by analysing consequences reported in newspaper articles (2000–2022) and online search behaviour using Google trends data (2004–2022). To characterise the physical process, we considered root zone soil moisture data. Our results show that FDs are becoming increasingly frequent in Germany, occurring once every two years on average. Despite the lack of knowledge from the general public regarding the phenomenon of FDs, the peaks of interest in drought impacts correspond to the physical occurrence of FDs across the country. We identified an average time gap of four weeks between FD onset and the reporting of perceived impacts. This gap is longer than the average duration of FDs’ onset. Consequently, our findings highlight that consistent monitoring of FD conditions and drivers is necessary to guarantee effective preparedness. As impact perception is too slow to allow the adoption of mitigation measures, FDs require new schemes for response measures compared with slowly emerging (conventional) drought events. The novel method also allows the consistent and impact-based validation of FD identification methods.

This study established a wildfire occurrence model using random forest classification and employed the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) value, an Explainable Artificial Intelligence method, to interpret the model and thus generate spatio-temporal feature attributions, which will help to better understand the mechanism of wildfire occurrence and enhance prevention and mitigation.

Process-based crop models (PBCMs) are tools used to predict crop growth and yield. These models have improved in simulating the effects of extreme weather events like heatwaves and droughts. However, they still struggle to accurately predict low crop yields caused by wet conditions. This article explores the challenges in modeling the impacts of excessive rainfall on crop yields and discusses potential improvements to these models. Excessive rainfall can lead to waterlogging, which is when the

Urban streams play a crucial role in our cities, but we still don't fully understand how they work. These waterways are essential for managing stormwater, providing habitats for wildlife, and offering recreational spaces for city dwellers. However, the complex interactions between urban development and natural water systems make it challenging to predict how these streams will behave, especially during extreme weather events or long-term climate changes. One of the main obstacles to understand

Metropol cities such as Berlin are dependent on local water production and are facing changes in the local water cycle. The water cycle is altered in any aspect, but changes in flow paths and storage are poorly understood on the catchment scale. Currently, cities like Berlin try to decouple impervious areas, reduce runoff and increase groundwater recharge or evapotranspiration with low-impact development. The aims of the thesis are: i. to quantify the ecohydrological separation into green and blue water fluxes, evaporation, root water uptake and water ages on a greenspace scale with the aid of stable water isotopes, ii. to improve the understanding of the significance of different water sources, and changes in young water fractions and water ages on a catchment scale and iii. to understand hydroclimatic extremes and technological development and their influence on water quantity and quality in an urban stream. Study site & Methods This thesis investigated the heavily urbanized Panke catchment (~220 km²) and surrounding greenspaces in Berlin, Germany. Stable water isotopes as tracers were sampled and measured during 2019-2020. The complete urban-critical zone from precipitation, over soil and vegetation into groundwater, or tap water, and wastewater into streams was investigated in two studies. Stable water isotopes in soils were extracted by the “direct vapor water equilibrium method” (DVE, (Wassenaar et al., 2008)), and from vegetation xylem by “cryogenic vacuum extraction” (CVE, (Koeniger et al., 2011)). Source contributions were estimated with the Bayesian Mixing Model MixSiar (Stock et al., 2018). To understand the effect of hydroclimate and water management on key hydrological processes, long-term (66 years), spatially distributed hydrological data was compiled and trend-decomposed.

It is found that access to generative AI ideas causes stories to be evaluated as more creative, better written, and more enjoyable, especially among less creative writers, which point to an increase in individual creativity at the risk of losing collective novelty.

In online communities, antisocial behavior such as trolling disrupts constructive discussion. While prior work suggests that trolling behavior is confined to a vocal and antisocial minority, we demonstrate that ordinary people can engage in such behavior as well. We propose two primary trigger mechanisms: the individual’s mood, and the surrounding context of a discussion (e.g., exposure to prior trolling behavior). Through an experiment simulating an online discussion, we find that both negative mood and seeing troll posts by others significantly increases the probability of a user trolling, and together double this probability. To support and extend these results, we study how these same mechanisms play out in the wild via a data-driven, longitudinal analysis of a large online news discussion community. This analysis reveals temporal mood effects, and explores long range patterns of repeated exposure to trolling. A predictive model of trolling behavior shows that mood and discussion context together can explain trolling behavior better than an individual’s history of trolling. These results combine to suggest that ordinary people can, under the right circumstances, behave like trolls.

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have sparked optimism about their potential to accelerate scientific discovery, with a growing number of works proposing research agents that autonomously generate and validate new ideas. Despite this, no evaluations have shown that LLM systems can take the very first step of producing novel, expert-level ideas, let alone perform the entire research process. We address this by establishing an experimental design that evaluates research idea generation while controlling for confounders and performs the first head-to-head comparison between expert NLP researchers and an LLM ideation agent. By recruiting over 100 NLP researchers to write novel ideas and blind reviews of both LLM and human ideas, we obtain the first statistically significant conclusion on current LLM capabilities for research ideation: we find LLM-generated ideas are judged as more novel (p<0.05) than human expert ideas while being judged slightly weaker on feasibility. Studying our agent baselines closely, we identify open problems in building and evaluating research agents, including failures of LLM self-evaluation and their lack of diversity in generation. Finally, we acknowledge that human judgements of novelty can be difficult, even by experts, and propose an end-to-end study design which recruits researchers to execute these ideas into full projects, enabling us to study whether these novelty and feasibility judgements result in meaningful differences in research outcome. 1

The results suggest that the first wearable camera system to automatically detect potential errors, prior to medication delivery, has the potential to provide a secondary check when a medication is selected for a patient, and a chance to intervene before a potential medical error.

Anthropic has unveiled two new AI models: an upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet and a new Claude 3.5 Haiku. These models show advances in reasoning, coding, and visual processing. The upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet can now use computers. It interprets screenshots and generates commands to perform tasks. This allows it to navigate websites and complete complex processes. Both models underwent rigorous safety testing. This included evaluations for biological, cybersecurity, and autonomous behavior risks. Te

In recent years, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has led to the development of large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 and LLaMA. These powerful AI systems have become fundamental in driving progress in natural language processing (NLP). LLMs are multi-billion parameter models that demonstrate remarkable abilities in language comprehension and generation. They possess emergent properties like reasoning and in-context learning, which have enabled them to tackle complex NLP tasks

Do large language models (LLMs) display rational reasoning? LLMs have been shown to contain human biases due to the data they have been trained on; whether this is reflected in rational reasoning remains less clear. In this paper, we answer this question by evaluating seven language models using tasks from the cognitive psychology literature. We find that, like humans, LLMs display irrationality in these tasks. However, the way this irrationality is displayed does not reflect that shown by humans. When incorrect answers are given by LLMs to these tasks, they are often incorrect in ways that differ from human-like biases. On top of this, the LLMs reveal an additional layer of irrationality in the significant inconsistency of the responses. Aside from the experimental results, this paper seeks to make a methodological contribution by showing how we can assess and compare different capabilities of these types of models, in this case with respect to rational reasoning.

A weighted voting based ensemble model is employed for the multimodal fusion process using recurrent neural network (RNN), bi-directional long short term memory (Bi-LSTM), and deep belief network (DBN) and depicts the novelty of the work.

In response to increasing urbanization and the need for infrastructure resilient to natural hazards, this study introduces an AI-driven predictive model designed to assess the risk of soil liquefaction. Utilizing advanced ensemble machine learning techniques, the model integrates geotechnical and geographical data to accurately predict the potential for soil liquefaction in urban areas, with a specific focus on Yokohama, Japan. This methodology leverages comprehensive datasets from geological surveys and seismic activity to enhance urban planning and infrastructure development in smart cities. The primary outputs include detailed soil liquefaction risk maps that are essential for effective urban risk management. These maps support urban planners and engineers in making informed decisions, prioritizing safety, and promoting sustainability. The model employs a robust combination of artificial neural networks and gradient boosting decision trees to analyze and predict data points, assessing soil susceptibility to liquefaction during seismic events. Notably, the model achieves high accuracy in predicting soil classifications and N-values, which are critical for evaluating soil liquefaction risk. Validation against an extensive dataset from geotechnical surveys confirms the model’s practical effectiveness. Moreover, the results highlight the transformative potential of AI in enhancing geotechnical risk assessments and improving the resilience of urban areas against natural hazards.

On fine-tuning tasks addressing genome biology with questions of genome element identification and protein–DNA binding, GROVER exceeds other models’ performance and can be used to compose a grammar book for the code of life.

Large language models have the potential to enrich neuroscience datasets by adding valuable meta-information, such as advanced text sentiment, and summarize vast information sources to overcome divides between siloed neuroscience communities.

A new imaging system to analyze and extract tongue color features at different color saturations and under different light conditions from five color space models is proposed and the XGBoost algorithm was chosen as the classifier of the proposed imaging system and linked with a graphical user interface to predict tongue color and its related diseases in real time.

Computer games have traditionally relied on carefully programmed game loops to create interactive virtual experiences. These loops process user inputs, update the game's state, and render visuals. While this approach has been adapted for various hardware platforms, the underlying software has always been manually programmed by developers. Recent breakthroughs in generative models, especially diffusion models, have revolutionized how we create images and videos from different types of inputs. Ho

In pregnant and postpartum women, AI-guided screening using a digital stethoscope improved the diagnosis of pregnancy-related cardiomyopathy.

A strong propensity to overtrust unreliable AI in life-or-death decisions made under uncertainty is indicated, using a novel visual challenge paradigm simulating threat-identification under uncertainty.

Training with real-time AI feedback resulted in significantly better performance outcomes compared to no real-time feedback and in-person instruction, and learning from AI resulted in similar OSATS ratings.

Robots are becoming increasingly advanced, with the goal of developing humanoid robots that can operate in complex environments and interact with people in a natural way. A key challenge in this field is creating robot skin that can mimic the comprehensive biological functions of human skin, including the ability to self-heal. This research explores a novel approach to attaching living skin to the face of a robot, using a special type of anchor inspired by the structure of human skin ligaments.

The need for further research on the metabolic and reproductive endocrinologic effects of space travel, if the authors are to become a successful interplanetary species is strongly suggested.

The occurrence, characteristics, and evolution of space headaches and the effects of treatment and countermeasures during long-haul flights with onboard questionnaires and correlated them with prevailing temperature, pressure, and ambient O2 and CO2 levels, measured within the International Space Station were evaluated.

This review discusses how emerging holographic optical elements and lithography-based devices are enhancing the performances of augmented reality and virtual reality displays with glasses-like form factor and casts a perspective on potential developments and research directions of these photonic devices for future AR and VR displays.

dark matter is one of the biggest mysteries in modern physics. We know it exists because we can see its gravitational effects on galaxies and galaxy clusters, but we don't know what it's actually made of. One promising candidate for dark matter is a hypothetical particle called the "dark photon." Dark photons are similar to regular photons (the particles that make up light), but they would be much lighter and interact very weakly with normal matter. If dark photons do exist, they could potentia

In the 21st century, the internet has become deeply integrated into our daily lives, enabling rapid global communication and fostering strong connections between countries in key areas like commerce, politics, economics, and culture. However, this widespread adoption of network technologies has also introduced significant security challenges. Cybersecurity is essential to protect the security, integrity, and confidentiality of communication, assets, and data within electronic environments. Cybe

Controlling solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in batteries is crucial for their efficient cycling. Herein, we demonstrate an approach to enable robust battery performance that does not rely on high fractions of fluorinated species in electrolytes, thus substantially decreasing the environmental footprint and cost of high-energy batteries. In this approach, we use very low fractions of readily reducible fluorinated cations in electrolyte (∼0.1 wt%) and employ electrostatic attraction to generate a substantial population of these cations at the anode surface. As a result, we can form a robust fluorine-rich SEI that allows for dendrite-free deposition of dense Li and stable cycling of Li-metal full cells with high-voltage cathodes. Our approach represents a general strategy for delivering desired chemical species to battery anodes through electrostatic attraction while using minute amounts of additive.

Imagine a future where our electronic devices can seamlessly integrate with our bodies, monitoring our health and responding to our movements with ease. This vision is becoming a reality, thanks to the development of a new type of electrode that is both flexible and highly permeable to water vapor. Researchers have created conductive nanosheets composed of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) assembled on an elastomeric polymer called poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS). These SWCNT-SBS